Method and apparatus for providing an efficient control channel structure in a wireless communication system

ABSTRACT

According to one aspect of the invention, a method is provided in which a control channel used for transmitting control information is partitioned into a plurality of subchannels each of which is operated at a specific data rate. For each of one or more user terminals, one of the subchannels is selected based on one or more selection criteria for transmitting control information from an access point to the respective user terminal. Control information is transmitted from the access point to a user terminal on a particular subchannel selected for the respective user terminal. At the user terminal, one or more subchannels are decoded to obtain control information designated for the user terminal.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.15/158,481, filed May 18, 2016, entitled “Method and Apparatus forProviding an Efficient Control Channel Structure in a WirelessCommunication System,” which is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser.No. 10/725,904, filed Dec. 1, 2003, entitled “Method and Apparatus forProviding an Efficient Control Channel Structure in a WirelessCommunication System.”

BACKGROUND I. Field

The present invention relates generally to data communication andprocessing, and more specifically to a method and apparatus forproviding an efficient control channel structure in a wireless localarea network (WLAN) communication system.

II. Background

Wireless communication systems have been widely deployed to providevarious types of communication such as voice, packet data, and so on.These systems may be multiple-access systems capable of supportingcommunication with multiple users sequentially or simultaneously bysharing the available system resources. Examples of multiple-accesssystems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, TimeDivision Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, and Frequency Division MultipleAccess (FDMA) systems.

In recent years, wireless local area networks (WLANs) have also beenwidely deployed in accordance with various WLAN standards (e.g., IEEE802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11g, etc.) to enable communication amongwireless electronic devices (e.g., computers) via wireless link. A WLANmay employ devices called access points (or base stations) that act likehubs and/or routers and provide connectivity for other wireless devicesin the network (e.g. user terminals or user stations). The access pointsmay also connect (or “bridge”) the WLAN to wired LANs, thus allowing thewireless devices access to LAN resources.

In a wireless communication system, a radio frequency (RF) modulatedsignal from a transmitter unit may reach a receiver unit via a number ofpropagation paths. The characteristics of the propagation pathstypically vary over time due to a number of factors, such as fading andmultipath. To provide diversity against deleterious path effects andimprove performance, multiple transmit and receive antennas may be used.If the propagation paths between the transmit and receive antennas arelinearly independent (e.g., a transmission on one path is not formed asa linear combination of the transmissions on the other paths), then thelikelihood of correctly receiving a data transmission increases as thenumber of antennas increases. Generally, diversity increases andperformance improves as the number of transmit and receive antennasincreases.

A MIMO system employs multiple (NT) transmit antennas and multiple (NR)receive antennas for data transmission. A MIMO channel formed by the NTtransmit and NR receive antennas may be decomposed into NS spatialchannels, with N_(S)≤min{N_(T), N_(R)} Each of the NS spatial channelscorresponds to a dimension. The MIMO system can provide improvedperformance (e.g., increased transmission capacity and/or greaterreliability) if the additional dimensionalities created by the multipletransmit and receive antennas are utilized.

An exemplary MIMO WLAN system is described in the aforementioned U.S.patent application Ser. No. 10/693,419, assigned to the assignee of thepresent invention. Such a MIMO WLAN system may be configured to providevarious types of services and support various types of applications, andachieve a high level of system performance. In various embodiments, MIMOand orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) may be employed toattain high throughput, combat deleterious path effects, and provideother benefits. Each access point in the system may be configured tosupport multiple user terminals. The allocation of downlink and uplinkresources may be dependent on the requirements of the user terminals,the channel conditions, and other factors.

In one embodiment, the WLAN system as disclosed in the aforementionedU.S. Patent Application employs a channel structure designed to supportefficient downlink and uplink transmissions. Such a channel structuremay comprise a number of transport channels that may be used for variousfunctions, such as signaling of system parameters and resourceassignments, downlink and uplink data transmissions, random access ofthe system, and so on. Various attributes of these transport channelsmay be configurable, which allows the system to easily adapt to changingchannel and loading conditions. One of these transport channels, calledforward control channel (FCCH), may be used by the access point toallocate resources (e.g., channel assignments) on the downlink anduplink. The FCCH may also be used to provide acknowledgment for messagesreceived on another transport channel.

As disclosed in the aforementioned U.S. Patent Application, in oneembodiment, the FCCH can be transmitted or operable at different datarates (e.g., four different data rates). For example, the different datarates may include 0.25 bps/Hz, 0.5 bps/Hz, 1 bps/Hz, and 2 bps/Hz.However, in such a configuration, the rate employed on the FCCH isdictated by the worst case user in the system (i.e., the user thatoperates at the lowest data rate). This scheme is inefficient because asingle user that cannot operate at a higher rate may reduce theefficiency and utilization of the FCCH, even though other users in thesystem may be able to operate at higher data rates.

There is, therefore, a need in the art for a method and apparatus toprovide a more efficient control channel structure that is able toaccommodate different users that may operate at different data rates.

SUMMARY

The various aspects and embodiments of the invention are described infurther detail below. According to one aspect of the invention, a methodis provided in which a control channel used for transmitting controlinformation is partitioned into a plurality of subchannels each of whichis operated at a specific data rate. For each of one or more userterminals, one of the subchannels is selected based on one or moreselection criteria for transmitting control information from an accesspoint to the respective user terminal. Control information istransmitted from the access point to a user terminal on a particularsubchannel selected for the respective user terminal. At the userterminal, one or more subchannels are decoded to obtain controlinformation designated for the user terminal.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The various features and aspects of the invention can be understood fromthe detailed description set forth below in conjunction with thefollowing drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a MIMO WLAN system in which theteachings of the invention are implemented;

FIG. 2 shows a layer structure for the MIMO WLAN system;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating various components of an accesspoint and user terminals;

FIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C show a TDD-TDM frame structure, an FDD-TDM framestructure, and an FDD-CDM frame structure, respectively;

FIG. 5 shows the TDD-TDM frame structure with five transportchannels—BCH, FCCH, FCH, RCH, and RACH;

FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate various PDU formats for the various transportchannels;

FIG. 7 shows a new FCCH structure, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe invention;

FIG. 8 shows a flow diagram of a method, in accordance with oneembodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 9 shows a flow diagram of a decoding process in accordance with oneembodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example,instance, or illustration.” Any embodiment or design described herein as“exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred oradvantageous over other embodiments or designs.

FIG. 1 shows a MIMO WLAN system 100 in which the teachings of thepresent invention are implemented. As shown in FIG. 1, MIMO WLAN system100 includes a number of access points (APs) 110 that supportcommunication for a number of user terminals (UTs) 120. For simplicity,only two access points 110 are shown in FIG. 1. An access point may alsobe referred to as a base station, access controller, or communicationcontroller herein.

User terminals 120 may be dispersed throughout the system. Each userterminal may be a fixed or mobile terminal that can communicate with theaccess point. A user terminal may also be referred to as a mobilestation, a remote station, an access terminal, a user equipment (UE), awireless device, or some other terminology herein. Each user terminalmay communicate with one or possibly multiple access points on thedownlink and/or uplink at any given moment. The downlink (also calledforward link) refers to transmission from the access point to the userterminal, and the uplink (also called reverse link) refers totransmission from the user terminal to the access point.

In FIG. 1, access point 110 a communicates with user terminals 120 athrough 120 f, and access point 110 b communicates with user terminals120 f through 120 k. Depending on the specific design of system 100, anaccess point may communicate with multiple user terminals simultaneously(e.g., via multiple code channels or subbands) or sequentially (e.g.,via multiple time slots). At any given moment, a user terminal mayreceive downlink transmissions from one or multiple access points. Thedownlink transmission from each access point may include overhead dataintended to be received by multiple user terminals, user-specific dataintended to be received by specific user terminals, other types of data,or any combination thereof. The overhead data may include pilot, pageand broadcast messages, system parameters, and so on.

In one embodiment, the MIMO WLAN system is based on a centralizedcontroller network architecture. Thus, a system controller 130 couplesto access points 110 and may further couple to other systems andnetworks. For example, system controller 130 may couple to a packet datanetwork (PDN), a wired local area network (LAN), a wide area network(WAN), the Internet, a public switched telephone network (PSTN), acellular communication network, etc. System controller 130 may bedesigned to perform a number of functions such as (1) coordination andcontrol for the access points coupled to it, (2) routing of data amongthese access points, (3) access and control of communication with theuser terminals served by these access points, and so on. The MIMO WLANsystem as shown in FIG. 1 may be operated in various frequency bands(e.g., the 2.4 GHz and 5.x GHz U-NII bands), subject to the bandwidthand emission constraints specific to the selected operating band.

In one embodiment, each access point may be equipped with multipletransmit and receive antennas (e.g., four transmit and receive antennas)for data transmission and reception. Each user terminal may be equippedwith a single transmit/receive antenna or multiple transmit/receiveantennas for data transmission and reception. The number of antennasemployed by each user terminal type may be dependent on various factorssuch as, for example, the services to be supported by the user terminal(e.g., voice, data, or both), cost considerations, regulatoryconstraints, safety issues, and so on.

For a given pairing of multi-antenna access point and multi-antenna userterminal, a MIMO channel is formed by the NT transmit antennas and NRreceive antennas available for use for data transmission. Different MIMOchannels are formed between the access point and different multi-antennauser terminals. Each MIMO channel may be decomposed into NS spatialchannels, with N_(S)≤min{N_(T), N_(R)}. NS data streams may betransmitted on the NS spatial channels. Spatial processing is requiredat a receiver and may or may not be performed at a transmitter in orderto transmit multiple data streams on the NS spatial channels.

The NS spatial channels may or may not be orthogonal to one another.This depends on various factors such as (1) whether or not spatialprocessing was performed at the transmitter to obtain orthogonal spatialchannels and (2) whether or not the spatial processing at both thetransmitter and the receiver was successful in orthogonalizing thespatial channels. If no spatial processing is performed at thetransmitter, then the NS spatial channels may be formed with NS transmitantennas and are unlikely to be orthogonal to one another.

The NS spatial channels may be orthogonalized by performingdecomposition on a channel response matrix for the MIMO channel, asdescribed in the aforementioned U.S. Patent Application. For a givennumber of (e.g., four) antennas at the access point, the number ofspatial channels available for each user terminal is dependent on thenumber of antennas employed by that user terminal and thecharacteristics of the wireless MIMO channel that couples the accesspoint antennas and the user terminal antennas. If a user terminal isequipped with one antenna, then the four antennas at the access pointand the single antenna at the user terminal form a multiple-inputsingle-output (MISO) channel for the downlink and a single-inputmultiple-output (SIMO) channel for the uplink.

The MIMO WLAN system as shown in FIG. 1 may be designed and configuredto support various transmission modes, as illustrated in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1 Transmission modes Description SIMO Data is transmitted from asingle antenna but may be received by multiple antennas for receivediversity. Diversity Data is redundantly transmitted from multipletransmit antennas and/or multiple subbands to provide diversity. Beam-Data is transmitted on a single (best) spatial channel at full steeringpower using phase steering information for the principal eigenmode ofthe MIMO channel. Spatial Data is transmitted on multiple spatialchannels to achieve multiplexing higher spectral efficiency.

The transmission modes available for use for the downlink and uplink foreach user terminal are dependent on the number of antennas employed atthe user terminal. Table 2 lists the transmission modes available fordifferent terminal types for the downlink and uplink, assuming multiple(e.g., four) antennas at the access point.

TABLE 2 Downlink Uplink Single- Single- antenna Multi- antenna Multi-user antenna user user antenna user Transmission modes terminal terminalterminal terminal MISO (on downlink)/ X X X X SIMO (on uplink) DiversityX X X Beam-steering X X X Spatial multiplexing X X

In an embodiment, the MIMO WLAN system employs OFDM to effectivelypartition the overall system bandwidth into a number of (N_(F))orthogonal subbands. These subbands are also referred to as tones, bins,or frequency channels. With OFDM, each subband is associated with arespective subcarrier that may be modulated with data. For a MIMO systemthat utilizes OFDM, each spatial channel of each subband may be viewedas an independent transmission channel where the complex gain associatedwith each subband is effectively constant across the subband bandwidth.

In one embodiment, the system bandwidth can be partitioned into 64orthogonal subbands (i.e., N_(F)=64), which are assigned indices of −32to +31. Of these 64 subbands, 48 subbands (e.g., with indices of ±{1, .. . , 6, 8, . . . , 20, 22, . . . , 26}) can be used for data, 4subbands (e.g., with indices of ±{7, 21}) can be used for pilot andpossibly signaling, the DC subband (with index of 0) is not used, andthe remaining subbands are also not used and serve as guard subbands.This OFDM subband structure is described in further detail in a documentfor IEEE Standard 802.11a and entitled “Part 11: Wireless LAN MediumAccess Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications: High-speedPhysical Layer in the 5 GHz Band,” September 1999, which is publiclyavailable. In other embodiments, different numbers of subbands andvarious other OFDM subband structures may also be implemented for theMIMO WLAN system. For example, all 53 subbands with indices from −26 to+26 may be used for data transmission. As another example, a 128-subbandstructure, a 256-subband structure, or a subband structure with someother number of subbands may be used.

For OFDM, the data to be transmitted on each subband is first modulated(i.e., symbol mapped) using a particular modulation scheme selected foruse for that subband. Zeros are provided for the unused subbands. Foreach symbol period, the modulation symbols and zeros for all NF subbandsare transformed to the time domain using an inverse fast Fouriertransform (IFFT) to obtain a transformed symbol that contains NFtime-domain samples. The duration of each transformed symbol isinversely related to the bandwidth of each subband. In one specificdesign for the MIMO WLAN system, the system bandwidth is 20 MHz,N_(F)=64, the bandwidth of each subband is 312.5 KHz, and the durationof each transformed symbol is 3.2 μsec.

OFDM can provide certain advantages, such as the ability to combatfrequency selective fading, which is characterized by different channelgains at different frequencies of the overall system bandwidth. It iswell known that frequency selective fading causes inter-symbolinterference (ISI), which is a phenomenon whereby each symbol in areceived signal acts as distortion to subsequent symbols in the receivedsignal. The ISI distortion degrades performance by impacting the abilityto correctly detect the received symbols. Frequency selective fading canbe conveniently combated with OFDM by repeating a portion of (orappending a cyclic prefix to) each transformed symbol to form acorresponding OFDM symbol, which is then transmitted.

The length of the cyclic prefix (i.e., the amount to repeat) for eachOFDM symbol is dependent on the delay spread of the wireless channel. Inparticular, to effectively combat ISI, the cyclic prefix should belonger than the maximum expected delay spread for the system.

In an embodiment, cyclic prefixes of different lengths may be used forthe OFDM symbols, depending on the expected delay spread. For the MIMOWLAN system described above, a cyclic prefix of 400 nsec (8 samples) or800 nsec (16 samples) may be selected for use for the OFDM symbols. A“short” OFDM symbol uses the 400 nsec cyclic prefix and has a durationof 3.6 μsec. A “long” OFDM symbol uses the 800 nsec cyclic prefix andhas a duration of 4.0 μsec. Short OFDM symbols may be used if themaximum expected delay spread is 400 nsec or less, and long OFDM symbolsmay be used if the delay spread is greater than 400 nsec. Differentcyclic prefixes may be selected for use for different transportchannels, and the cyclic prefix may also be dynamically selectable, asdescribed below. Higher system throughput may be achieved by using theshorter cyclic prefix when possible, since more OFDM symbols of shorterduration can be transmitted over a given fixed time interval.

FIG. 2 illustrates a layer structure 200 that may be used for the MIMOWLAN system. As shown in FIG. 2, in one embodiment, layer structure 200includes (1) applications and upper layer protocols that approximatelycorrespond to Layer 3 and higher of the ISO/OSI reference model (upperlayers), (2) protocols and services that correspond to Layer 2 (the linklayer), and (3) protocols and services that correspond to Layer 1 (thephysical layer).

The upper layers includes various applications and protocols, such assignaling services 212, data services 214, voice services 216, circuitdata applications, and so on. Signaling is typically provided asmessages and data is typically provided as packets. The services andapplications in the upper layers originate and terminate messages andpackets according to the semantics and timing of the communicationprotocol between the access point and the user terminal. The upperlayers utilize the services provided by Layer 2.

Layer 2 supports the delivery of messages and packets generated by theupper layers. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, Layer 2 includes a LinkAccess Control (LAC) sublayer 220 and a Medium Access Control (MAC)sublayer 230. The LAC sublayer implements a data link protocol thatprovides for the correct transport and delivery of messages generated bythe upper layers. The LAC sublayer utilizes the services provided by theMAC sublayer and Layer 1. The MAC sublayer is responsible fortransporting messages and packets using the services provided byLayer 1. The MAC sublayer controls the access to Layer 1 resources bythe applications and services in the upper layers. The MAC sublayer mayinclude a Radio Link Protocol (RLP) 232, which is a retransmissionmechanism that may be used to provide higher reliability for packetdata. Layer 2 provides protocol data units (PDUs) to Layer 1.

Layer 1 comprises physical layer 240 and supports the transmission andreception of radio signals between the access point and user terminal.The physical layer performs coding, interleaving, modulation, andspatial processing for various transport channels used to send messagesand packets generated by the upper layers. In this embodiment, thephysical layer includes a multiplexing sublayer 242 that multiplexesprocessed PDUs for various transport channels into the proper frameformat. Layer 1 provides data in units of frames.

It should be understood by one skilled in the art that various othersuitable layer structures may also be designed and used for the MIMOWLAN system.

FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of one embodiment of an access point 110 xand two user terminals 120 x and 120 y within the MIMO WLAN system.

On the downlink, at access point 110 x, a transmit (TX) data processor310 receives traffic data (e.g., information bits) from a data source308 and signaling and other information from a controller 330 andpossibly a scheduler 334. These various types of data may be sent ondifferent transport channels that are described in more details below.TX data processor 310 “frames” the data (if necessary), scrambles theframed/unframed data, encodes the scrambled data, interleaves (i.e.,reorders) the coded data, and maps the interleaved data into modulationsymbols. For simplicity, a “data symbol” refers to a modulation symbolfor traffic data, and a “pilot symbol” refers to a modulation symbol forpilot. The scrambling randomizes the data bits. The encoding increasesthe reliability of the data transmission. The interleaving providestime, frequency, and/or spatial diversity for the code bits. Thescrambling, coding, and modulation may be performed based on controlsignals provided by controller 330. TX data processor 310 provides astream of modulation symbols for each spatial channel used for datatransmission.

A TX spatial processor 320 receives one or more modulation symbolstreams from TX data processor 310 and performs spatial processing onthe modulation symbols to provide four streams of transmit symbols, onestream for each transmit antenna.

Each modulator (MOD) 322 receives and processes a respective transmitsymbol stream to provide a corresponding stream of OFDM symbols. EachOFDM symbol stream is further processed to provide a correspondingdownlink modulated signal. The four downlink modulated signals frommodulator 322 a through 322 d are then transmitted from four antennas324 a through 324 d, respectively.

At each user terminal 120, one or multiple antennas 352 receive thetransmitted downlink modulated signals, and each receive antennaprovides a received signal to a respective demodulator (DEMOD) 354. Eachdemodulator 354 performs processing complementary to that performed atmodulator 322 and provides received symbols. A receive (RX) spatialprocessor 360 then performs spatial processing on the received symbolsfrom all demodulators 354 to provide recovered symbols, which areestimates of the modulation symbols sent by the access point.

An RX data processor 370 receives and demultiplexes the recoveredsymbols into their respective transport channels. The recovered symbolsfor each transport channel may be symbol demapped, deinterleaved,decoded, and descrambled to provide decoded data for that transportchannel. The decoded data for each transport channel may includerecovered packet data, messages, signaling, and so on, which areprovided to a data sink 372 for storage and/or a controller 380 forfurther processing.

For the downlink, at each active user terminal 120, RX spatial processor360 further estimates the downlink to obtain channel state information(CSI). The CSI may include channel response estimates, received SNRs,and so on. RX data processor 370 may also provide the status of eachpacket/frame received on the downlink. A controller 380 receives thechannel state information and the packet/frame status and determines thefeedback information to be sent back to the access point. The feedbackinformation is processed by a TX data processor 390 and a TX spatialprocessor 392 (if present), conditioned by one or more modulators 354,and transmitted via one or more antennas 352 back to the access point.

At access point 110, the transmitted uplink signal(s) are received byantennas 324, demodulated by demodulators 322, and processed by an RXspatial processor 340 and an RX data processor 342 in a complementarymanner to that performed at the user terminal. The recovered feedbackinformation is then provided to controller 330 and a scheduler 334.

In one embodiment, scheduler 334 uses the feedback information toperform a number of functions such as (1) selecting a set of userterminals for data transmission on the downlink and uplink, (2)selecting the transmission rate(s) and the transmission mode for eachselected user terminal, and (3) assigning the available FCH/RCHresources to the selected terminals. Scheduler 334 and/or controller 330further uses information (e.g., steering vectors) obtained from theuplink transmission for the processing of the downlink transmission.

As mentioned above, a number of services and applications may besupported by the MIMO WLAN system and various transport channels may bedefined for the MIMO WLAN system to carry various types of data. Table 3lists an exemplary set of transport channels and also provides a briefdescription for each transport channel.

TABLE 3 Transport channels Description Broadcast channel BCH Used by theaccess point to transmit pilot and system parameters to the userterminals. Forward control FCCH Used by the access point to allocateresources on the downlink channel and uplink. The resource allocationmay be performed on a frame-by-frame basis. Also used to provideacknowledgment for messages received on the RACH. Forward channel FCHUsed by the access point to transmit user-specific data to the userterminals and possibly a reference (pilot) used by the user terminalsfor channel estimation. May also be used in a broadcast mode to sendpage and broadcast messages to multiple user terminals. Random accessRACH Used by the user terminals to gain access to the system channel andsend short messages to the access point. Reverse channel RCH Used by theuser terminals to transmit data to the access point. May also carry areference used by the access point for channel estimation.

As shown in Table 3, the downlink transport channels used by the accesspoint includes the BCH, FCCH, and FCH. The uplink transport channelsused by the user terminals include the RACH and RCH. It should berecognized by one skilled in the art that the transport channels listedin Table 3 represent an exemplary embodiment of a channel structure thatmay be used for the MIMO WLAN system. Fewer, additional, and/ordifferent transport channels may also be defined for use for the MIMOWLAN system. For example, certain functions may be supported byfunction-specific transport channels (e.g., pilot, paging, powercontrol, and sync channel channels). Thus, other channel structures withdifferent sets of transport channels may be defined and used for theMIMO WLAN system, within the scope of the invention.

A number of frame structures may be defined for the transport channels.The specific frame structure to use for the MIMO WLAN system isdependent on various factors such as, for example, (1) whether the sameor different frequency bands are used for the downlink and uplink and(2) the multiplexing scheme used to multiplex the transport channelstogether.

If only one frequency band is available, then the downlink and uplinkmay be transmitted on different phases of a frame using time divisionduplexing (TDD). If two frequency bands are available, then the downlinkand uplink may be transmitted on different frequency bands usingfrequency division duplexing (FDD).

For both TDD and FDD, the transport channels may be multiplexed togetherusing time division multiplexing (TDM), code division multiplexing(CDM), frequency division multiplexing (FDM), and so on. For TDM, eachtransport channel is assigned to a different portion of a frame. ForCDM, the transport channels are transmitted concurrently but eachtransport channel is channelized by a different channelization code,similar to that performed in a code division multiple access (CDMA)system. For FDM, each transport channel is assigned a different portionof the frequency band for the link.

Table 4 lists the various frame structures that may be used to carry thetransport channels. Each of these frame structures is described infurther detail below.

TABLE 4 Shared frequency band for Separate frequency bands downlink anduplink for downlink and uplink Time division TDD-TDM frame structureFDD-TDM frame structure Code division TDD-CDM frame structure FDD-CDMframe structure

FIG. 4A illustrates an embodiment of a TDD-TDM frame structure 400 athat may be used if a single frequency band is used for both thedownlink and uplink. Data transmission occurs in units of TDD frames.Each TDD frame may be defined to span a particular time duration. Theframe duration may be selected based on various factors such as, forexample, (1) the bandwidth of the operating band, (2) the expected sizesof the PDUs for the transport channels, and so on. In general, a shorterframe duration may provide reduced delays. However, a longer frameduration may be more efficient since header and overhead may represent asmaller fraction of the frame. In one embodiment, each TDD frame has aduration of 2 msec.

As shown in FIG. 4A, each TDD frame can be partitioned into a downlinkphase and an uplink phase. The downlink phase is further partitionedinto three segments for the three downlink transport channels—the BCH,FCCH, and FCH. The uplink phase is further partitioned into two segmentsfor the two uplink transport channels—the RCH and RACH.

The segment for each transport channel may be defined to have either afixed duration or a variable duration that can change from frame toframe. In one embodiment, the BCH segment is defined to have a fixedduration, and the FCCH, FCH, RCH, and RACH segments are defined to havevariable durations.

The segment for each transport channel may be used to carry one or moreprotocol data units (PDUs) for that transport channel. In the embodimentshown in FIG. 4A, a BCH PDU is transmitted in a first segment 410, anFCCH PDU is transmitted in a second segment 420, and one or more FCHPDUs are transmitted in a third segment 430 of the downlink phase. Onthe uplink phase, one or more RCH PDUs are transmitted in a fourthsegment 440 and one or more RACH PDUs are transmitted in a fifth segment450 of the TDD frame.

Frame structure 400 a represents one arrangement of the varioustransport channels within a TDD frame. This arrangement can providecertain benefits such as reduced delays for data transmission on thedownlink and uplink. The BCH is transmitted first in the TDD frame sinceit carries system parameters that may be used for the PDUs of the othertransport channels within the same TDD frame. The FCCH is transmittednext since it carries resource allocation (e.g., channel assignment)information indicative of which user terminal(s) are designated toreceive downlink data on the FCH and which user terminal(s) aredesignated to transmit uplink data on the RCH within the current TDDframe. Other TDD-TDM frame structures may also be defined and used forthe MIMO WLAN system.

FIG. 4B illustrates an embodiment of an FDD-TDM frame structure 400 bthat may be used if the downlink and uplink are transmitted using twoseparate frequency bands. Downlink data is transmitted in a downlinkframe 402 a, and uplink data is transmitted in an uplink frame 402 b.Each downlink and uplink frame may be defined to span a particular timeduration (e.g., 2 msec). For simplicity, the downlink and uplink framesmay be defined to have the same duration and may further be defined tobe aligned at the frame boundaries. However, different frame durationsand/or non-aligned (i.e., offset) frame boundaries may also be used forthe downlink and uplink.

As shown in FIG. 4B, the downlink frame is partitioned into threesegments for the three downlink transport channels. The uplink frame ispartitioned into two segments for the two uplink transport channels. Thesegment for each transport channel may be defined to have a fixed orvariable duration, and may be used to carry one or more PDUs for thattransport channel.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4B, the downlink frame carries a BCHPDU, an FCCH PDU, and one or more FCH PDUs in segments 410, 420, and430, respectively. The uplink frame carries one or more RCH PDUs and oneor more RACH PDUs in segments 440 and 450, respectively. Thisarrangement may provide the benefits described above (e.g., reduceddelays for data transmission). Other FDD-TDM frame structures may alsobe defined and used for the MIMO WLAN system, and this is within thescope of the invention.

FIG. 4C illustrates an embodiment of an FDD-CDM/FDM frame structure 400c that may also be used if the downlink and uplink are transmitted usingseparate frequency bands. Downlink data may be transmitted in a downlinkframe 404 a, and uplink data may be transmitted in an uplink frame 404b. The downlink and uplink frames may be defined to have the sameduration (e.g., 2 msec) and aligned at the frame boundaries.

As shown in FIG. 4C, the three downlink transport channels aretransmitted concurrently in the downlink frame, and the two uplinktransport channels are transmitted concurrently in the uplink frame. ForCDM, the transport channels for each link are “channelized” withdifferent channelization codes, which may be Walsh codes, orthogonalvariable spreading factor (OVSF) codes, quasi-orthogonal functions(QOF), and so on. For FDM, the transport channels for each link areassigned different portions of the frequency band for the link.Different amounts of transmit power may also be used for differenttransport channels in each link.

Other frame structures may also be defined for the downlink and uplinktransport channels, and this is within the scope of the invention.Moreover, it is possible to use different types of frame structure forthe downlink and uplink. For example, a TDM-based frame structure may beused for the downlink and a CDM-based frame structure may be used forthe uplink.

In one embodiment, the transport channels as described above are used tosend various types of data and may be categorized into two groups:common transport channels and dedicated transport channels.

The common transport channels, in one embodiment, may include the BCH,FCCH, and RACH. These transport channels are used to send data to orreceive data from multiple user terminals. The BCH and FCCH can betransmitted by the access point using the diversity mode. On the uplink,the RACH can be transmitted by the user terminals using thebeam-steering mode (if supported by the user terminal). The BCH can beoperated at a known fixed rate so that the user terminals can receiveand process the BCH without any additional information. As described inmore details below, the FCCH support multiple rates to allow for greaterefficiency. Each “rate” or “rate set” may be associated with aparticular code rate (or coding scheme) and a particular modulationscheme.

The dedicated transport channels, in one embodiment, include the FCH andRCH. These transport channels are normally used to send user-specificdata to or by specific user terminals. The FCH and RCH may bedynamically allocated to the user terminals as necessary and asavailable. The FCH may also be used in a broadcast mode to sendoverhead, page, and broadcast messages to the user terminals. Ingeneral, the overhead, page, and broadcast messages are transmittedprior to any user-specific data on the FCH.

FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary transmission on the BCH, FCCH, FCH, RCH,and RACH based on TDD-TDM frame structure 400 a. In this embodiment, oneBCH PDU 510 and one FCCH PDU 520 are transmitted in BCH segment 410 andFCCH segment 420, respectively. FCH segment 430 may be used to send oneor more FCH PDUs 530, each of which may be intended for a specific userterminal or multiple user terminals. Similarly, one or more RCH PDUs 540may be sent by one or more user terminals in RCH segment 440. The startof each FCH/RCH PDU is indicated by an FCH/RCH offset from the end ofthe preceding segment. A number of RACH PDUs 550 may be sent in RACHsegment 450 by a number of user terminals to access the system and/or tosend short messages.

In one embodiment, the BCH is used by the access point to transmit abeacon pilot, a MIMO pilot, and system parameters to the user terminals.The beacon pilot is used by the user terminals to acquire system timingand frequency. The MIMO pilot is used by the user terminals to estimatethe MIMO channel formed by the access point antennas and their ownantennas. The system parameters specify various attributes of thedownlink and uplink transmissions. For example, since the durations ofthe FCCH, FCH, RACH, and RCH segments are variable, the systemparameters that specify the length of each of these segments for thecurrent TDD frame are sent in the BCH.

FIG. 6A illustrates an embodiment of BCH PDU 410. In this embodiment,BCH PDU 410 includes a preamble portion 510 and a message portion 516.Preamble portion 510 further includes a beacon pilot portion 512 and aMIMO pilot portion 514. Portion 512 carries a beacon pilot and has afixed duration of T_(CP)=8 μsec. Portion 514 carries a MIMO pilot andhas a fixed duration of T_(MP)=32 μsec. Portion 516 carries a BCHmessage and has a fixed duration of T_(BM)=40 μsec. A preamble may beused to send one or more types of pilot and/or other information. Abeacon pilot comprises a specific set of modulation symbols that istransmitted from all transmit antennas. A MIMO pilot comprises aspecific set of modulation symbols that is transmitted from all transmitantennas with different orthogonal codes, which then allows thereceivers to recover the pilot transmitted from each antenna. Differentsets of modulation symbols may be used for the beacon and MIMO pilots.

In one embodiment, the BCH message carries system configurationinformation. Table 5 lists the various fields for an exemplary BCHmessage format.

TABLE 5 BCH Message Fields/ Length Parameter Names (bits) DescriptionFrame Counter 4 TDD frame counter Net ID 10 Network identifier (ID) APID 6 Access point ID AP Tx Lvl 4 Access point transmit level AP Rx Lvl 3Access point receive level FCCH Length 6 Duration of FCCH (in units ofOFDM symbols) FCCH Rate 2 Physical layer rate of FCCH FCH Length 9Duration of FCH (in units of OFDM symbols) RCH Length 9 Duration of RCH(in units of OFDM symbols) RACH Length 5 Duration of RACH (in units ofRACH slots) RACH Slot Size 2 Duration of each RACH slot (in units ofOFDM symbols) RACH Guard 2 Guard interval at the end of RACH IntervalCyclic Prefix 1 Cyclic prefix duration Duration Page Bit 1 “0” = pagemessage sent on FCH “1” = no page message sent Broadcast Bit 1 “0” =broadcast message sent on FCH “1” = no broadcast message sent RACH 1 “0”= RACH acknowledgment sent Acknowledgment on FCH Bit “1” = no RACHacknowledgment sent CRC 16 CRC value for the BCH message Tail Bits 6Tail bits for convolutional encoder Reserved 32 Reserved for future use

The Frame Counter value may be used to synchronize various processes atthe access point and user terminals (e.g., the pilot, scrambling codes,cover code, and so on). A frame counter may be implemented with a 4-bitcounter that wraps around. This counter is incremented at the start ofeach TDD frame, and the counter value is included in the Frame Counterfield. The Net ID field indicates the identifier (ID) of the network towhich the access point belongs. The AP ID field indicates the ID of theaccess point within the network ID. The AP Tx Lvl and AP Rx Lvl fieldsindicate the maximum transmit power level and the desired receive powerlevel at the access point, respectively. The desired receive power levelmay be used by the user terminal to determine the initial uplinktransmit power.

The FCCH Length, FCH Length, and RCH Length fields indicate the lengthsof the FCCH, FCH, and RCH segments, respectively, for the current TDDframe. In one embodiment, the lengths of these segments are given inunits of OFDM symbols. The OFDM symbol duration for the BCH can be fixedat 4.0 μsec. The OFDM symbol duration for all other transport channels(e.g., the FCCH, FCH, RACH, and RCH) is variable and depends on theselected cyclic prefix, which is specified by the Cyclic Prefix Durationfield. The FCCH Rate field indicates the rate used for the FCCH for thecurrent TDD frame.

The RACH Length field indicates the length of the RACH segment, which isgiven in units of RACH slots. The duration of each RACH slot is given bythe RACH Slot Size field, in units of OFDM symbols. The RACH GuardInterval field indicates the amount of time between the last RACH slotand the start of the BCH segment for the next TDD frame.

The Page Bit and Broadcast Bit indicate whether or not page messages andbroadcast messages, respectively, are being sent on the FCH in thecurrent TDD frame. These two bits may be set independently for each TDDframe. The RACH Acknowledgment Bit indicates whether or notacknowledgments for PDUs sent on the RACH in prior TDD frames are beingsent on the FCCH in the current TDD frame.

The CRC field includes a CRC value for the entire BCH message. This CRCvalue may be used by the user terminals to determine whether thereceived BCH message is decoded correctly or in error. The Tail Bitsfield includes a group of zeros used to reset the convolutional encoderto a known state at the end of the BCH message.

As shown in Table 5, the BCH message includes a total of 120 bits. These120 bits may be transmitted with 10 OFDM symbols. Table 5 shows oneembodiment of the format for the BCH message. Other BCH message formatswith fewer, additional, and/or different fields may also be defined andused, and this is within the scope of the invention.

In one embodiment, the access point may allocate resources for the FCHand RCH on a per frame basis. The FCCH is used by the access point toconvey the resource allocation information for the FCH and RCH (e.g.,the channel assignments).

FIG. 6B illustrates an embodiment of FCCH PDU 420. In this embodiment,the FCCH PDU includes only a portion 520 for an FCCH message. The FCCHmessage has a variable duration that can change from frame to frame,depending on the amount of scheduling information being carried on theFCCH for that frame. The FCCH message duration is in even number of OFDMsymbols and given by the FCCH Length field on the BCH message. Theduration of messages sent using the diversity mode (e.g., BCH and FCCHmessages) is given in even number of OFDM symbols because the diversitymode transmits OFDM symbols in pairs.

In an embodiment, the FCCH can be transmitted using four possible rates.The specific rate used for the FCCH PDU in each TDD frame is indicatedby the FCCH Phy Mode field in the BCH message. Each FCCH ratecorresponds to a particular code rate and a particular modulation schemeand is further associated with a particular transmission mode.

An FCCH message may include zero, one, or multiple information elements(IEs). Each information element may be associated with a specific userterminal and may be used to provide information indicative of theassignment of FCH/RCH resources for that user terminal. Table 6 liststhe various fields for an exemplary FCCH message format.

TABLE 6 FCCH Message Fields/ Parameter Length Names (bits) DescriptionN_IE 6 Number of IEs included in the FCCH message N_IE informationelements, each including: IE Type 4 IE type MAC ID 10 ID assigned to theuser terminal Control Fields 48 or 72 Control fields for channelassignment Padding Bits Variable Pad bits to achieve even number of OFDMsymbols in the FCCH message CRC 16 CRC value for the FCCH message TailBits 6 Tail bits for convolutional encoder

The N_IE field indicates the number of information elements included inthe FCCH message sent in the current TDD frame. For each informationelement (IE) included in the FCCH message, the IE Type field indicatesthe particular type of this IE. Various IE types are defined for use toallocate resources for different types of transmissions, as describedbelow.

The MAC ID field identifies the specific user terminal for which theinformation element is intended. Each user terminal registers with theaccess point at the start of a communication session and is assigned aunique MAC ID by the access point. This MAC ID is used to identify theuser terminal during the session.

The Control Fields are used to convey channel assignment information forthe user terminal and are described in detail below. The Padding Bitsfield includes a sufficient number of padding bits so that the overalllength of the FCCH message is an even number of OFDM symbols. The FCCHCRC field includes a CRC value that may be used by the user terminals todetermine whether the received FCCH message is decoded correctly or inerror. The Tail Bits field includes zeros used to reset theconvolutional encoder to a known state at the end of the FCCH message.Some of these fields are described in further detail below.

A number of transmission modes are supported by the MIMO WLAN system forthe FCH and RCH, as indicated in Table 1. Moreover, a user terminal maybe active or idle during a connection. Thus, a number of types of IE aredefined for use to allocate FCH/RCH resources for different types oftransmissions. Table 7 lists an exemplary set of IE types.

TABLE 7 FCCH IE Types IE IE Size Type (bits) IE Type Description 0 48Diversity Mode Diversity mode only 1 72 Spatial Multiplexing Spatialmultiplexing mode- Mode variable rate services 2 48 Idle Mode Idlestate-variable rate services 3 48 RACH RACH acknowledgment-Acknowledgment diversity mode 4 Beam Steering Mode Beam steering mode5-15 — Reserved Reserved for future use

For IE types 0, 1 and 4, resources are allocated to a specific userterminal for both the FCH and RCH (i.e., in channel pairs). For IE type2, minimal resources are allocated to the user terminal on the FCH andRCH to maintain up-to-date estimate of the link. An exemplary format foreach IE type is described below. In general, the rates and durations forthe FCH and RCH can be independently assigned to the user terminals.

IE type 0 and 4 are used to allocate FCH/RCH resources for the diversityand beam-steering modes, respectively. For fixed low-rate services(e.g., voice), the rate remains fixed for the duration of the call. Forvariable rate services, the rate may be selected independently for theFCH and RCH. The FCCH IE indicates the location of the FCH and RCH PDUsassigned to the user terminal. Table 8 lists the various fields of anexemplary IE Type 0 and 4 information element.

TABLE 8 FCCH IE Type 0 and 4 Fields/ Length Parameter Names (bits)Description IE Type 4 IE type MAC ID 10 Temporary ID assigned to theuser terminal FCH Offset 9 FCH offset from start of the TDD frame (inOFDM symbols) FCH Preamble 2 FCH preamble size (in OFDM symbols) TypeFCH Rate 4 Rate for the FCH RCH Offset 9 RCH offset from start of theTDD frame (in OFDM symbols) RCH Preamble 2 RCH preamble size (in OFDMsymbols) Type RCH Rate 4 Rate for the RCH RCH Timing 2 Timing adjustmentparameter for RCH Adjustment RCH Power 2 Power control bits for RCHControl

The FCH and RCH Offset fields indicate the time offset from thebeginning of the current TDD frame to the start of the FCH and RCH PDUs,respectively, assigned by the information element. The FCH and RCH Ratefields indicate the rates for the FCH and RCH, respectively.

The FCH and RCH Preamble Type fields indicate the size of the preamblein the FCH and RCH PDUs, respectively. Table 9 lists the values for theFCH and RCH Preamble Type fields and the associated preamble sizes.

TABLE 9 Preamble Type Type Bits Preamble Size 0 00 0 OFDM symbol 1 01 1OFDM symbol 2 10 4 OFDM symbols 3 11 8 OFDM symbols

The RCH Timing Adjustment field includes two bits used to adjust thetiming of the uplink transmission from the user terminal identified bythe MAC ID field. This timing adjustment is used to reduce interferencein a TDD-based frame structure where the downlink and uplinktransmissions are time division duplexed. Table 10 lists the values forthe RCH Timing Adjustment field and the associated actions.

TABLE 10 RCH Timing Adjustment Bits Description 00 Maintain currenttiming 01 Advance uplink transmit timing by 1 sample 10 Delay uplinktransmit timing by 1 sample 11 Not used

The RCH Power Control field includes two bits used to adjust thetransmit power of the uplink transmission from the identified userterminal. This power control is used to reduce interference on theuplink. Table 11 lists the values for the RCH Power Control field andthe associated actions.

TABLE 11 RCH Power Control Bits Description 00 Maintain current transmitpower 01 Increase uplink transmit power by δ dB, where δ is a systemparameter. 10 Decrease uplink transmit power by δ dB, where δ is asystem parameter. 11 Not used

The channel assignment for the identified user terminal may be providedin various manners. In an embodiment, the user terminal is assignedFCH/RCH resources for only the current TDD frame. In another embodiment,the FCH/RCH resources are assigned to the terminal for each TDD frameuntil canceled. In yet another embodiment, the FCH/RCH resources areassigned to the user terminal for every n-th TDD frame, which isreferred to as “decimated” scheduling of TDD frames. The different typesof assignment may be indicated by an Assignment Type field in the FCCHinformation element.

IE type 1 is used to allocate FCH/RCH resources to user terminals usingthe spatial multiplexing mode. The rate for these user terminals isvariable, and may be selected independently for the FCH and RCH. Table12 lists the various fields of an exemplary IE type 1 informationelement.

TABLE 12 FCCH IE Type 1 Fields/ Length Parameter Names (bits)Description IE Type 4 IE type MAC ID 10 Temporary ID assigned to theuser terminal FCH Offset 9 FCH offset from end of FCCH (in OFDM symbols)FCH Preamble Type 2 FCH preamble size (in OFDM symbols) FCH SpatialChannel 1 Rate 4 Rate for the FCH for spatial channel 1 FCH SpatialChannel 2 Rate 4 Rate for the FCH for spatial channel 2 FCH SpatialChannel 3 Rate 4 Rate for the FCH for spatial channel 3 FCH SpatialChannel 4 Rate 4 Rate for the FCH for spatial channel 4 RCH Offset 9 RCHoffset from end of FCH (in OFDM symbols) RCH Preamble Type 2 RCHpreamble size (in OFDM symbols) RCH Spatial Channel 1 Rate 4 Rate forthe RCH for spatial channel 1 RCH Spatial Channel 2 Rate 4 Rate for theRCH for spatial channel 2 RCH Spatial Channel 3 Tate 4 Rate for the RCHfor spatial channel 3 RCH Spatial Channel 4 Rate 4 Rate for the RCH forspatial channel 4 RCH Timing Adjustment 2 Timing adjustment parameterfor RCH Reserved 2 Reserved for future use

For IE type 1, the rate for each spatial channel may be selectedindependently on the FCH and RCH. The interpretation of the rates forthe spatial multiplexing mode is general in that it can specify the rateper spatial channel (e.g., for up to four spatial channels for theembodiment shown in Table 12). The rate is given per eigenmode if thetransmitter performs spatial processing to transmit data on theeigenmodes. The rate is given per antenna if the transmitter simplytransmits data from the transmit antennas and the receiver performs thespatial processing to isolate and recover the data (for the non-steeredspatial multiplexing mode).

The information element includes the rates for all enabled spatialchannels and zeros for the ones not enabled. User terminals with lessthan four transmit antennas set the unused FCH/RCH Spatial Channel Ratefields to zero. Since the access point is equipped with fourtransmit/receive antennas, user terminals with more than four transmitantennas may use them to transmit up to four independent data streams.

IE type 2 is used to provide control information for user terminalsoperating in an Idle state. In an embodiment, when a user terminal is inthe Idle state, steering vectors used by the access point and userterminal for spatial processing are continually updated so that datatransmission can start quickly if and when resumed. Table 13 lists thevarious fields of an exemplary IE type 2 information element.

TABLE 13 FCCH IE Type 2 Fields/ Parameter Length Names (bits)Description IE Type 4 IE type MAC ID 10 Temporary ID assigned to theuser terminal FCH Offset 9 FCH offset from end of FCCH (in OFDM symbols)FCH Preamble 2 FCH preamble size (in OFDM symbols) Type RCH Offset 9 RCHoffset from end of FCH (in OFDM symbols) RCH Preamble 2 RCH preamblesize (in OFDM symbols) Type Reserved 12 Reserved for future use

IE type 3 is used to provide quick acknowledgment for user terminalsattempting to access the system via the RACH. To gain access to thesystem or to send a short message to the access point, a user terminalmay transmit an RACH PDU on the uplink. After the user terminal sendsthe RACH PDU, it monitors the BCH to determine if the RACHAcknowledgement Bit is set. This bit is set by the access point if anyuser terminal was successful in accessing the system and anacknowledgment is being sent for at least one user terminal on the FCCH.If this bit is set, then the user terminal processes the FCCH foracknowledgment sent on the FCCH. IE Type 3 information elements are sentif the access point desires to acknowledge that it correctly decoded theRACH PDUs from the user terminals without assigning resources. Table 14lists the various fields of an exemplary IE Type 3 information element.

TABLE 14 FCCH IE Type 3 Fields/ Parameter Length Names (bits)Description IE Type  4 IE type MAC ID 10 Temporary ID assigned to userterminal Reserved 34 Reserved for future use

A single or multiple types of acknowledgment may be defined and sent onthe FCCH. For example, a quick acknowledgment and an assignment-basedacknowledgment may be defined. A quick acknowledgment may be used tosimply acknowledge that the RACH PDU has been received by the accesspoint but that no FCH/RCH resources have been assigned to the userterminal. An assignment-based acknowledgment includes assignments forthe FCH and/or RCH for the current TDD frame.

A number of different rates are supported for the transport channels.Each rate is associated with a particular code rate and a particularmodulation scheme, which collectively results in a particular spectralefficiency (or data rate). Table 15 lists the various rates supported bythe system.

TABLE 15 Spectral Info bits/ Code bits/ Rate Efficiency Code ModulationOFDM OFDM Word (bps/Hz) Rate Scheme symbol symbol 0000 0.0 — off — —0001 0.25 ¼ BPSK 12 48 0010 0.5 ½ BPSK 24 48 0011 1.0 ½ QPSK 48 96 01001.5 ¾ QPSK 72 96 0101 2.0 ½  16 QAM 96 192 0110 2.5 ⅝  16 QAM 120 1920111 3.0 ¾  16 QAM 144 192 1000 3.5 7/12  64 QAM 168 288 1001 4.0 ⅔  64QAM 192 288 1010 4.5 ¾  64 QAM 216 288 1011 5.0 ⅚  64 QAM 240 288 11005.5 11/16 256 QAM 264 384 1101 6.0 ¾ 256 QAM 288 384 1110 6.5 13/16 256QAM 312 384 1111 7.0 ⅞ 256 QAM 336 384

While the FCCH channel structure as described above can be operable atdifferent data rates, this structure may not be efficient because therate employed on the FCCH is dictated or limited by the worst-case userin the system (e.g., the user that operates at the lowest data rate).For example, if one of the users can only receive and decode informationon the FCCH at a low data rate of 0.25 bps/Hz, other users in the systemwill be adversely affected even though they are capable of operating athigher data rates. This is because the rate employed on the FCCHstructure will be limited to that of the worst-case user, which is 0.25bps/Hz. Thus, the FCCH performance and efficiency may be reduced by asingle user. As described in more details below, the present inventionprovides a novel and more efficient FCCH channel structure that can beused to accommodate different users operable at different data rates.

In one embodiment, the new FCCH structure, also referred to as a tieredcontrol channel structure or segregated control channel structureherein), comprises multiple control channels (e.g., 4 distinct controlchannels). Each of these distinct control channels, also called controlsubchannel or FCCH subchannel herein, can operate at one of the multipleoverhead data rates (e.g., one or four different data rates as mentionedabove).

FIG. 7 illustrates a diagram of a new FCCH structure within a TDD MACframe, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. It should beunderstood by one skilled in the art that while TDD-TDM frame structureis used in this example for the purposes of illustration andexplanation, the teachings of the present invention are not limited toTDD frame structure but can also be applied to various other framestructures of various durations (e.g., FDD-TDM, etc). As shown in FIG.7, the TDD MAC frame is partitioned into a downlink phase (also calleddownlink segment) 701 and an uplink phase (also called uplink segment)751. In this embodiment, the downlink phase is further divided intothree segments for the three corresponding transport channels—the BCH710, the FCCH 720, and the FCH 730. The uplink phase is furtherpartitioned into two segments for the two corresponding transportchannels—the RCH 740 and the RACH 750.

As shown in FIG. 7, the FCCH segment is divided or partitioned intomultiple distinct FCCH segments or subchannels, each of which mayoperate at a specific data rate. In this example, the FCCH segment isdivided into four FCCH subchannels (FCCH_0, FCCH_1, FCCH_2, and FCCH_3).In other embodiments of the invention, the FCCH segment may be dividedinto different numbers of subchannels (e.g., 8 subchannels, etc.),depending on the particular applications or implementations of theinvention. In one embodiment, each FCCH subchannel may be associatedwith a specific set of operating and processing parameters (e.g., coderate, modulation scheme, SNR, etc.). For example, Table 16 belowillustrates the code rates, modulation scheme, SNR, etc., that areassociated with each FCCH subchannel. In this example, STTD is employedfor each of the subchannels, in which case the length of each subchannelis a multiple of two OFDM symbols.

TABLE 16 FCCH Subchannel Data Rates (STTD) Information Total SNR forBits Per STTD 1% Frame FCCH Efficiency Code OFDM Error Rate Subchannel(bps/Hz) Rate Modulation symbol (FER) FCCH_0 0.25 0.25 BPSK 24 −2.0 dBFCCH_1 0.5 0.5 BPSK 48 2.0 dB FCCH_2 1 0.5 QPSK 96 5.0 dB FCCH_3 2 0.516 QAM 192 11.0 dB

As shown in Table 16, each FCCH subchannel has a distinct operatingpoint (e.g., SNR and other processing parameters) associated with it. Auser terminal (UT) that is assigned a specific FCCH subchannel (e.g.,FCCH_n at a particular rate) can correctly decode all lower ratesubchannels, but not those operating at the higher rates. For example,if a particular user terminal is assigned subchannel FCCH_2, that userterminal can decode FCCH_0 and FCCH_1 subchannels because FCCH_0 andFCCH_1 operate at the lower rates. However, that user terminal cannotdecode FCCH_3 because FCCH_3 operates at a higher rate. In oneembodiment, the access point (AP) decides which FCCH subchannel to sendcontrol data to a UT based on various factors or selection criteria.These various factors or selection may include link quality informationor operating conditions of the user terminals (e.g., C/I, Doppler,etc.), quality of service (QoS) requirements associated with the userterminals, and control subchannel preference indicated by the userterminals, etc. As described in more details below, the user terminalsthen attempt to decode each of the FCCH subchannels to determine if theyhave been allocated resources (e.g., FCH/RCH channel resources).

Table 17 illustrates the structure for the various FCCH subchannels, inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention. As shown inTable 17, the FCCH subchannel structure for subchannel FCCH_0 isdistinct from the structure used for other FCCH subchannels (FCCH_1,FCCH_2, and FCCH_3). In one embodiment, the FCCH_MASK field in theFCCH_0 structure is used to indicate the presence/absence of higher rateFCCH subchannels in a particular order. For example, the FCCH_MASK fieldmay comprise three bits each of which corresponds to a particularsubchannel and is used to indicate whether the particular subchannel ispresent in an order from subchannel 1 (MASK bit 0), subchannel 2 (MASKbit 1), and subchannel 3 (MASK bit 2). The corresponding subchannel MASKbit is set to a particular value (e.g., 1) to indicate the presence ofthe respective subchannel. For example, if the value of MASK bit number0 (the least significant MASK bit) is set to “1”, this indicates thepresence of FCCH_1 subchannel. Pad bits are provided to achieve an evennumber of OFDM symbols in each subchannel. In one embodiment, each FCCHsubchannel is capable of providing scheduling information for multipleuser terminals (e.g., 32 users). The IE types described above can beused for the FCCH subchannels.

TABLE 17 FCCH Subchannel Structure Bits FCCH_0: FCCH MASK 3 No. IE Rate0 5 Rate 0 IE's 0 Padding CRC 16 Tail 6 FCCH_1: No. IE Rate 1 5 Rate 1IE's 0 Padding CRC 16 Tail 6 FCCH_2: No. IE Rate 2 5 Rate 2 IE's 0Padding CRC 16 Tail 6 FCCH_3: No. IE Rate 3 5 Rate 3 IE's 0 Padding CRC16 Tail 6

FIG. 8 illustrates a flow diagram of a method 800 in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention. At block 810, as described above, acontrol channel is segregated or partitioned into a plurality ofsubchannels each of which being operable at a specific data rate. Atblock 820, control information including resource allocation informationis transmitted from an access point to a user terminal on a particularsubchannel of the plurality subchannels selected for the user terminal,based on one or more selection criteria, as described above. At block830, at the user terminal, one or more subchannels of the plurality ofsubchannels are decoded to obtain control information (e.g., channelassignments) designated for the user terminal. In one embodiment, asexplained in more details below, the decoding procedure performed at theuser terminal starts with the FCCH subchannel operated at the lowestdata rate (FCCH_0 in this example) and continues until at least one of aplurality of conditions is satisfied.

FIG. 9 shows a flow diagram of a decoding procedure 900 performed by auser terminal in decoding the new FCCH structure, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention. The user terminal starts bydecoding the subchannel FCCH_0. In one embodiment, decoding isconsidered successful if the CRC test passes. The user terminalterminates FCCH decoding process whenever any of the following eventsoccurs:

(i) Failure to correctly decode an FCCH subchannel;

(ii) Receipt of an assignment;

(iii) Decoding of all active FCCH subchannels without receiving anassignment.

Referring again to FIG. 9, at block 910, the process begins byinitializing n to 0. In this example, n is a variable used to indicatethe current FCCH subchannel being decoded in the current iteration ofthe process. At block 915, the current FCCH_n subchannel is decoded. Forexample, in the first iteration, FCCH_0 is decoded at block 915. Atblock 920, it is determined whether the CRC test with respect to thecurrent FCCH_n subchannel passes. If the CRC test passes, the processproceeds to block 925 to determine whether the corresponding MAC ID ispresent, otherwise the process proceeds to block 930 to process the nextMAC frame. At block 925, if the corresponding MAC ID is present, theprocess proceeds to block 940 to obtain the assignment informationprovided by the access point. Otherwise, the process proceeds to block935 to check if n is equal to 3. At block 935, if n is equal to 3, theprocess proceeds to block 945 to initialize the FCCH_MASK field toindicate that all FCCH subchannels have been processed. As describedabove, in one embodiment, the FCCH_MASK field in the FCCH_0 subchannelstructure comprises three bits each of which is used to indicate thepresence/absence of a corresponding higher rate FCCH subchannel. Forexample, the first bit (bit 0 or the least significant bit) of theFCCH_MASK field is used to indicate the presence/absence of subchannel1, the second bit (bit 1 or the next significant bit) of the FCCH_MASKfield is used to indicate the presence/absence of subchannel 2, and soon. The process then proceeds to block 950 to determine whether thereare any active FCCH subchannels remaining to be decoded. If there aremore active FCCH subchannels to be decoded, the process proceeds toblock 960 to increment n to the next active FCCH subchannel. Otherwisethe process proceeds to block 955 to process the next MAC frame.

Various parts of the MIMO WLAN system and various techniques describedherein may be implemented by various means. For example, the processingat the access point and user terminal may be implemented in hardware,software, or a combination thereof. For a hardware implementation, theprocessing may be implemented within one or more application specificintegrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digitalsignal processing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs),field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), processors, controllers,micro-controllers, microprocessors, other electronic units designed toperform the functions described herein, or a combination thereof.

For a software implementation, the processing may be implemented withmodules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) that perform thefunctions described herein. The software codes may be stored in a memoryunit and executed by a processor. The memory unit may be implementedwithin the processor or external to the processor, in which case it canbe communicatively coupled to the processor via various means as isknown in the art.

Headings are included herein for reference and to aid in locatingcertain sections. These headings are not intended to limit the scope ofthe concepts described therein under, and these concepts may haveapplicability in other sections throughout the entire specification.

The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided toenable any person skilled in the art to make or use the presentinvention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readilyapparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles definedherein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from thespirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is notintended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to beaccorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novelfeatures disclosed herein.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for processing information in acommunication system, comprising: partitioning, at an access point, acontrol region used for transmitting control information into aplurality of subsets of resources; selecting, based on one or moreselection criteria, a first subset of the plurality of subsets ofresources within the control region to be used for transmitting a firstportion of the control information from the access point to a first userterminal; selecting, based on the one or more selection criteria, asecond subset of the plurality of subsets of resources within thecontrol region to be used for transmitting a second portion of controlinformation from the access point to a second user terminal; andtransmitting the control information in the control region from theaccess point, wherein the first portion of the control informationtransmitted on the first subset of resources to the first user terminalis transmitted at a different code rate than the second portion of thecontrol information transmitted on the second subset of resources to thesecond user terminal.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the controlregion comprises a segment of a data frame specifically allocated fortransmitting the control information.
 3. The method of claim 1, whereineach different code rate is associated with a different set of operatingparameters.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the operating parametersare selected from the group consisting of a modulation scheme and asignal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein thecontrol information is transmitted on the plurality of subsets ofresources sequentially in an order from a subset of resources associatedwith a lowest code rate to a subset of resources associated with ahighest code rate.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein at least one of:the first portion of the control information transmitted on the firstsubset of resources or the second portion of the control informationtransmitted on the second subset of resources includes a field toindicate whether control information is also transmitted on anothersubset of resources.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the fieldcomprises a plurality of bits, each bit corresponding to a particularsubset of resources and indicating whether the corresponding subset ofresources is present in the control region.
 8. The method of claim 1,wherein the one or more selection criteria comprises at least one of: alink quality associated with the respective user terminal, a quality ofservice requirement associated with the respective terminal, or a subsetof resources preference indicated by the respective terminal.
 9. Anapparatus for processing information in a communication system,comprising: means for partitioning, at the apparatus, a control regionused for transmitting control information into a plurality of subsets ofresources; means for selecting, based on one or more selection criteria,a first subset of the plurality of subsets of resources within thecontrol region to be used for transmitting a first portion of thecontrol information from the apparatus to a first user terminal; meansfor selecting, based on the one or more selection criteria, a secondsubset of the plurality of subsets of resources within the controlregion to be used for transmitting a second portion of controlinformation from the apparatus to a second user terminal; and means fortransmitting the control information in the control region from theapparatus, wherein the first portion of the control informationtransmitted on the first subset of resources to the first user terminalis transmitted at a different code rate than the second portion of thecontrol information transmitted on the second subset of resources to thesecond user terminal.
 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the controlregion comprises a segment of a data frame specifically allocated fortransmitting the control information.
 11. The apparatus of claim 9,wherein each different code rate is associated with a different set ofoperating parameters.
 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein theoperating parameters are selected from the group consisting of amodulation scheme and a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
 13. The apparatusof claim 9, wherein the control information is transmitted on theplurality of subsets of resources sequentially in an order from a subsetof resources associated with a lowest code rate to a subset of resourcesassociated with a highest code rate.
 14. The apparatus of claim 13,wherein at least one of: the first portion of the control informationtransmitted on the first subset of resources or the second portion ofthe control information transmitted on the second subset of resourcesincludes a field to indicate whether control information is alsotransmitted on another subset of resources.
 15. The apparatus of claim14, wherein the field comprises a plurality of bits, each bitcorresponding to a particular subset of resources and indicating whetherthe corresponding subset of resources is present in the control region.16. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the one or more selection criteriacomprises at least one of: a link quality associated with the respectiveuser terminal, a quality of service requirement associated with therespective terminal, or a subset of resources preference indicated bythe respective terminal.
 17. An apparatus for processing information ina communication system, comprising: a controller configured to:partition, at the apparatus, a control region used for transmittingcontrol information into a plurality of subsets of resources, select,based on one or more selection criteria, a first subset of the pluralityof subsets of resources within the control region to be used fortransmitting a first portion of the control information from theapparatus to a first user terminal, and select, based on the one or moreselection criteria, a second subset of the plurality of subsets ofresources within the control region to be used for transmitting a secondportion of control information from the apparatus to a second userterminal; and a transmitter configured to transmit the controlinformation in the control region from the apparatus, wherein the firstportion of the control information transmitted on the first subset ofresources to the first user terminal is transmitted at a different coderate than the second portion of the control information transmitted onthe second subset of resources to the second user terminal.
 18. Theapparatus of claim 17, wherein the control region comprises a segment ofa data frame specifically allocated for transmitting the controlinformation.
 19. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein each different coderate is associated with a different set of operating parameters.
 20. Theapparatus of claim 19, wherein the operating parameters are selectedfrom the group consisting of a modulation scheme and a signal-to-noiseratio (SNR).
 21. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the controlinformation is transmitted on the plurality of subsets of resourcessequentially in an order from a subset of resources associated with alowest code rate to a subset of resources associated with a highest coderate.
 22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein at least one of: the firstportion of the control information transmitted on the first subset ofresources or the second portion of the control information transmittedon the second subset of resources includes a field to indicate whethercontrol information is also transmitted on another subset of resources.23. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the field comprises a pluralityof bits, each bit corresponding to a particular subset of resources andindicating whether the corresponding subset of resources is present inthe control region.
 24. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the one ormore selection criteria comprises at least one of: a link qualityassociated with the respective user terminal, a quality of servicerequirement associated with the respective terminal, or a subset ofresources preference indicated by the respective terminal.
 25. Anon-transitory computer readable medium having computer executable codestored thereon, comprising: code for partitioning, at an access point, acontrol region used for transmitting control information into aplurality of subsets of resources; code for selecting, based on one ormore selection criteria, a first subset of the plurality of subsets ofresources within the control region to be used for transmitting a firstportion of the control information from the access point to a first userterminal; code for selecting, based on the one or more selectioncriteria, a second subset of the plurality of subsets of resourceswithin the control region to be used for transmitting a second portionof control information from the access point to a second user terminal;and code for transmitting the control information in the control regionfrom the access point, wherein the first portion of the controlinformation transmitted on the first subset of resources to the firstuser terminal is transmitted at a different code rate than the secondportion of the control information transmitted on the second subset ofresources to the second user terminal.
 26. The non-transitory computerreadable medium of claim 25, wherein the control region comprises asegment of a data frame specifically allocated for transmitting thecontrol information.
 27. The non-transitory computer readable medium ofclaim 25, wherein each different code rate is associated with adifferent set of operating parameters.
 28. The non-transitory computerreadable medium of claim 27, wherein the operating parameters areselected from the group consisting of a modulation scheme and asignal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
 29. The non-transitory computer readablemedium of claim 25, wherein the control information is transmitted onthe plurality of subsets of resources sequentially in an order from asubset of resources associated with a lowest code rate to a subset ofresources associated with a highest code rate.
 30. The non-transitorycomputer readable medium of claim 29, wherein at least one of: the firstportion of the control information transmitted on the first subset ofresources or the second portion of the control information transmittedon the second subset of resources includes a field to indicate whethercontrol information is also transmitted on another subset of resources.